Arlindo Mixing

AM93 - AM94

CTD and Hydrographic Data

Technical Report: LDEO-96-6

Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

of Columbia University

Arlindo Mixing:

CTD and Hydrographic Data from the August 1993 and January 1994 Cruises

Philip A. Mele Bruce A. Huber Arnold L. Gordon A. Gani llahude

Pusat Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Oseanologi of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences

Kevin Sullivan

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science University of Miami

John Marra

Technical Report: LDEO-96-6 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Palisades, New York

Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

of Columbia University

Introduction

Inter-ocean transport within the Indonesian seas is the primary means of exporting excess freshwater from the North Pacific Ocean. The efficiency of this transfer dictates to a large measure the meridional overturning of the Pacific and Indian Oceans and perhaps of the global thermohaline "conveyor belt" circulation. The Indonesian throughflow is relevant to ENSO as it allows "seepage" of the western Pacific's warm pool water into the Indian Ocean, adjusting the volume of the warm pool. Furthermore, the regionally intense tidal induced mixing may govern to some extent the SST and sea-air coupling, with feedback on ENSO. These mixing processes enhance buoyancy fluxes, inducing locally strong upwelling and influencing the circulation pattern.

The Arlindo Project' was conceived to investigate the oceanography of the Indonesian seas in a joint oceanographic research endeavor of Indonesia and the United States.

The Arlindo Project - Background

The primary goal of Arlindo is to observe the circulation and water mass stratification to sufficient detail to allow for a thorough description of the source, spreading patterns and dominant mixing processes of the waters influencing the Indonesian seas. Such products can be used for the development of ocean circulation models for the Indonesian seas; large scale coupled ocean/atmosphere models sufficient for prediction of climate and global change; understanding of the environmental conditions within the Indonesian seas and improved understanding of the factors that affect primary productivity and associated fisheries within Indonesian waters.

The specific objectives of Arlindo are incorporated in each of its three phases:

Phase /, Arlindo Mixing

The field work for Phase I of Arlindo was carried out in 1993 and 1994. Phase I consisted of an extensive array of CTD, tracer and productivity stations within the interior seas of Indonesia. A summary of the results was presented at the WestPac III meeting in Bali, 22- 26 November 1994. The main objective of Phase I was to use water properties to identify the main advective pathways of the throughflow for both monsoon phases. A Phase I biological component investigated rates of primary production and evaluated if enhanced vertical mixing influences primary production.

Phase //, Arlindo Circulation

The objectives of Arlindo Circulation (1996-1997) are to resolve the throughflow transport and velocity field across the central passages of the Indonesian seas; extend the Arlindo 1993/94 CTD/CFC coverage both temporally- to 1996/97, and regionally to the eastern Banda Sea. The Arlindo Circulation mooring design, based on Arlindo Mixing results, will measure the mean and variable current and thermohaline stratification associated with the inter-ocean throughflow for a 13 or 14 month period. The moorings are placed within the dominant passages crossing a 1 .5°S to 3°S band from Kalimantan to Irian Jaya which marks a relatively shallow ridge system dividing the northern and southern Indonesian seas.

I

Arlindo is an acronym tor Arus Lintas Indonen. meaning 'throughflow' in Bahasa Indonesia

1

Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2020 with funding from Columbia University Libraries

https://archive.org/details/arlindomixingctdOOmele

Introduction

Inter-ocean transport within the Indonesian seas is the primary means of exporting excess freshwater from the North Pacific Ocean. The efficiency of this transfer dictates to a large measure the meridional overturning of the Pacific and Indian Oceans and perhaps of the global thermohaline "conveyor belt" circulation. The Indonesian throughflow is relevant to ENSO as it allows "seepage" of the western Pacific's warm pool water into the Indian Ocean, adjusting the volume of the warm pool. Furthermore, the regionally intense tidal induced mixing may govern to some extent the SST and sea-air coupling, with feedback on ENSO. These mixing processes enhance buoyancy fluxes, inducing locally strong upwelling and influencing the circulation pattern.

The Arlindo Project1 was conceived to investigate the oceanography of the Indonesian seas in a joint oceanographic research endeavor of Indonesia and the United States.

The Arlindo Project - Background

The primary goal of Arlindo is to observe the circulation and water mass stratification to sufficient detail to allow for a thorough description of the source, spreading patterns and dominant mixing processes of the waters influencing the Indonesian seas. Such products can be used for the development of ocean circulation models for the Indonesian seas; large scale coupled ocean/atmosphere models sufficient for prediction of climate and global change; understanding of the environmental conditions within the Indonesian seas and improved understanding of the factors that affect primary productivity and associated fisheries within Indonesian waters.

The specific objectives of Arlindo are incorporated in each of its three phases:

Phase 1, Arlindo Mixing

The field work for Phase I of Arlindo was carried out in 1993 and 1994. Phase I consisted of an extensive array of CTD, tracer and productivity stations within the interior seas of Indonesia. A summary of the results was presented at the WestPac III meeting in Bali, 22- 26 November 1994. The main objective of Phase I was to use water properties to identify the main advective pathways of the throughflow for both monsoon phases. A Phase I biological component investigated rates of primary production and evaluated if enhanced vertical mixing influences primary production.

Phase II, Arlindo Circulation

The objectives of Arlindo Circulation (1996-1997) are to resolve the throughflow transport and velocity field across the central passages of the Indonesian seas; extend the Arlindo 1993/94 CTD/CFC coverage both temporally, to 1996/97, and regionally to the eastern Banda Sea. The Arlindo Circulation mooring design, based on Arlindo Mixing results, will measure the mean and variable current and thermohaline stratification associated with the inter-ocean throughflow for a 13 or 14 month period. The moorings are placed within the dominant passages crossing a 1.5°S to 3°S band from Kalimantan to Irian Jaya which marks a relatively shallow ridge system dividing the northern and southern Indonesian seas.

I

Arlindo is an acronym for Arus Lintas Indonen. meaning throughflow' in Bahasa Indonesia

1

Phase III, Arlindo Monitoring

(1998 to 2007) is a long term monitoring program of the throughflow to enable study at time scales of ENSO events. The results of Arlindo Circulation will guide the formulation of an efficient monitoring plan. Long term monitoring will insure detection of changes in throughflow associated with ENSO.

The Arlindo Implementation Agreement was signed by Prof. Arnold L. Gordon, Professor of Oceanography at Columbia University and Prof. Dr. Kasijan Romimohtarto, Director of Pusat Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Oseanologi of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) in August 1992. This is a project under the Memorandum of Understanding for Collaboration in Climate Research between Indonesia and the United States of America, signed in Washington DC by NOAA for the US and LAPAN for Indonesia on 28 October 1992. The Project Design for Phase I was prepared in August 1992 and signed by the heads of the two national components, Arnold L. Gordon of Columbia University, USA and A. Gani Ilahude of Pusat Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Oseanologi, LIPI, Indonesia.

The data analysis phase will be carried out by US and Indonesian scientists following the plan presented in the August 1992 Implementation Agreement.

The field phase of Arlindo began in 1993. This is the first US report of the Arlindo Project, presenting oceanographic data collected during the Arlindo Mixing cruises of 1993 and 1994.

The Arlindo Mixing Cruises

Arlindo Mixing consisted of 2 cruises, in order to sample the integrated effects of the southeast and northwest monsoons.

The Arlindo Mixing "August 1993" southeast monsoon cruise aboard the Baruna Jaya I left Jakarta at 1430 on 6 August 1993 and returned to Jakarta on 12 September 1993. Port stops were made at Bitung, Ambon and Kupang. The science team consisted of 7 US scientists and 13 Indonesian scientists, including the chief scientist A. Gani Ilahude. During the 38 day cruise (counting departure and return days), 103 CTD stations and five 12 hour productivity stations were obtained (Table I and Figure I).

Baruna Jaya I left Jakarta for the Arlindo Mixing “January 1994” northwest monsoon cruise at 1215 local time on 26 January 1994 and returned to Jakarta at 0800 local on 28 February 1994. Port stops were made at Kupang and Bitung. The science team consisted of 9 US scientists and 14 Indonesian scientists, including the chief scientist A. Gani Ilahude. During the 34 day cruise (counting departure and return days), 106 CTD stations, 46 XBT T-7 probes and five 12 hour productivity stations were obtained (Table I and Figure 2). The total number of CTD stations for both Arlindo Mixing cruises is 209, providing excellent spatial coverage of the main deep water channels for each monsoon season.

Data Collection and Processing Methods August 93 Cruise (AM93)

CTD/Oxygen

A total of 103 CTD 12 bottle rosette stations were obtained at 85 ship’s stations during the AM93 cruise (Table 1 and Figure 1 ). At the CTD stations, water samples were drawn for

9

110

135

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120° 125°

Figure 1. AM93

120° 125°

Figure 2. AM94

130°

3

salinity and oxygen (which are also used for <ca3ibrailiiG© «f ttfofc C’TD sensors), for the chemical tracers of CFC and Tr/He and for productive Tneasaw^mTcts .

The CTD package consisted of the LDEO NBJS MKJJJ CTD S/N 2W9 mounted inside an aluminum frame with 12 10- liter water sample bottles manufactured by ODF/Scripps.

Salinity samples were run on a Guildline 8 400 A salinometer standardized against OSI Standard water batch PI 23 (K15 = 0.99994). Standards were run at the start and end of each session, and drift corrections were applied to the calculated .salinity values based on standardization drift. Replicate and substandard samples were collected on 3 casts 26, 53. and 77. The salinometer was installed in a .small darkroom, in which environmental temperature control was poor. The temperature typically varied by !-3°C during the course of one run of 24-36 samples. The salinometer was run on ship's power (220V/50Hz).

Oxygen samples were titrated using a modified Winkler procedure with amperometric endpoint detection. The apparatus used was desmned and constructed by C. Lansdon of LDEO.

Tracers

The analyses for two cholorfluorocarbons (CFCs), CFC-1 1 and CFC- 12, were made using shipboard methods described by Bullister and Weiss (1988). Water samples were drawn and stored temporarily in lOOcc glass syringes. The dissolved CFCs were purged from approximately 50 ml aliquots and trapped prior to separation via gas chromatography. The response of an electron-capture detector was quantitated as integrated areas that were proportional to the picomoles of CFCs.

The concentrations of the CFCs in water and air were calculated using external gas standards. The aqueous and gaseous analyses were first corrected for any blank due to the analytical system using a weighted average of the four surrounding appropriate blank analyses. The temporal variation of the detector was compensated for by calculating a normalization factor for each analysis. The normalization factor is determined by a polynomial regression on groupings of analyses of a reference standard gas volume (2.97 ml) versus time. Equations that closely resemble straight lines were fit to groupings of normalized standard analyses to yield calibration curves. These calibration curves were applied to the aqueous and gaseous sample analyses to result in the concentrations of the CFCs. A final correction was applied to aqueous analyses. This correction was estimated from the samples collected in waters that were very likely free of CFCs and was to compensate for any trace CFCs originating from the sampling bottles and/or handling.

Biology

At each CTD station along the cruise tracks, samples for chlorophyll analysis were collected, either from a Niskin tripped just below the surface, or using a bucket. 200-500 ml of water was filtered through a Millipore FIA filter. The material on the filter was extracted in 90% acetone for 24 hours, and the extract's fluorescence was measured on a Turner Designs Model 10 fluorometer. The fluorometer was calibrated using pure chlorophyll a. These data are reported in this document. At five stations on each cruise, samples were also collected for incubations with C-14 and for dissolved oxygen analysis. These latter data are reported elsewhere".

1

Kinkade, C.S . J Marra. C. Langdon and C Knudson 1996. Phytoplankton stocks and production as indicators of upwclling and vertical mixing in the Indonesian seas. Deep-Sea Res, (in press)

4

January 94 Cruise (AM94)

Much of the US scientific gear used during AM93 was stowed in shipping containers on board the Baruna Jaya I between cruises; a few items were returned to the US for calibration or because they were needed elsewhere. The CFC and Helium extraction lines were left intact within the tracer van. and available remaining space was used to store the rosette frame with bottles mounted. The entire van was then placed in the ship's hold. We had hoped to thus avoid possible contamination or damage which might have resulted from shoreside storage. Carrier gas was left to circulate slowly through the CFC rig during storage.

CTD/Oxygen

A total of 106 CTD stations were obtained at 82 ship’s stations, most with 12 rosette bottles (Figure 2). Procedures were similar to AM93 - samples were drawn routinely for CFC, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll and salinity analyses. The LIPI team analyzed samples for phosphate, silicate and nitrate via spectrophotometer. Occasional samples were drawn for helium and tritium.

The CTD package used was the same as that used during AM93. CTD S/N 2809 was calibrated just prior to AM94.

Salinity samples were run on LDEO's Guildline 8400A salinometer. the same unit as used on AM93. This time, however, the darkroom power was conditioned with an Abacus Controls 1 KVA frequency converter. The salinometer behaves best with 60Hz power, and readings were much more stable than during AM93. However, temperature control in the darkroom was worse, owing to the ship's A/C working at reduced capacity. Consequently, drift of the salinometer during a run was significant, runs were limited to 24 bottles rather than the preferred 36. Standard water batch PI 23 was used throughout; several vials gave anomalous readings. Substandards and replicates were collected. Based on these data, the precision obtained was 0.001. and the accuracy as expressed by standard deviation of replicates was 0.0025.

Procedures identical to those used during the 93 cruise were followed to collect samples for oxygen. Based on analysis of replicate runs and 2-operator checks, repeatability is on the order of 0.0 1 ml/I.

Tracers

Procedures identical to those used during the 93 cruise were followed to collect samples for CFC 1 1 and 12.

Biology

Procedures identical to those used during the 93 cruise were followed to collect samples for chlorophyll a.

CTD Data Processing

The CTD was calibrated in the laboratory in March 1993 and again in November 1993. The pressure calibration of March 1993 was used for AM93. The pressure calibration of November 1993 was used for AM94. The temperature coefficients for AM93 were calculated from the March 1993 and November 1993 calibrations. A linear interpolation was calculated based on the time between the two calibrations. The temperature coefficients from the November 1993 calibration were used for the AM94 data. A phase lagging filter was applied to the conductivity data to correct for the time constant mismatch. The data

5

were coarsely de-spiked, then reduced to a 1 decibar pressure series by applying a 13-scan median filter around the target pressures.

The oxygen data were calibrated according to Millard (1991). CTD parameters were filtered with a 4.5 second running mean for the purpose of calculating the CTD oxygen. The oxygen sensor temperature signal was faulty, therefor the CTD temperature lagged 6 minutes was used as a substitute. The filtered oxygen values were then matched to the unfiltered pr/te/sa data. A comparison of the AM93 and the AM94 oxygen data revealed a 0.08ml/l difference in the deepest waters. Based on comparison with the biological oxygen data, it was decided to correct the AM93 rosette oxygen, adjusting the standards to shift the oxygen values in the deepest waters by -0.08ml/l. The correction at the surface was a maximum of -0. 16ml/l. These data were then used to calibrate the CTD oxygen sensor.

The data for each cast are presented as a listing at standard levels of the CTD data. Rosette data follows, where collected and may include salinity, oxygen, CFC-1 1. CFC-12, nitrate, silicate and phosphate. The data for station 3 are the uptrace data, filtered with a 4.0 second running mean.

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Acknowledgments

The Arlindo Mixing research is supported by NSF Grant OCE 93-02607 and ONR Grant N00014-90-J- 1 233 to Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, A. Gordon Principal Investigator; ONR Grant N000 14-94- 1-0394. J. Marra Principal Investigator. Additional support is provided by NSF Grant OCE93-0236 to Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, R. Fine Principal Investigator. This research was also funded in part by a grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views ofNOAA or any of its sub-agencies.

Heartfelt gratitude and appreciation are extended to Lt. Col. Handoko, the Captain of the R/V Baruna Java I, and his crew for their help and excellent cooperation during the observational work at sea. Gratitude and appreciation are further extended to Mr. Basri M. Ganie for the timely preparedness of the ship. The continued interest and support of Professors A. Soegiarto and K. Romimohtarto of LIPI, Prof. M.T. Zen and Dr. I. Soesilo of BPPT and Dr. A. Nontji of P30-LIPI in this study are gratefully acknowledged.

Funding for the publication of this document is provided by NSF Grant OCE 93-02607, A. Gordon PI.

The data are available through NODC and the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory web page at http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu.

References and Related Publications

Bullister. J.L. and R.F. Weiss ( 1988). Determination of CC13F and CC12F2 in seawater and air. Deep-Sea Research. 35: 839-853.

Ffield. A.L. and A.L. Gordon ( 1996). Tidal mixing signatures in the Indonesian seas. T Phvs. Oceanogr. 26(9): 1924-1937.

Gordon, A.L. ( 1995). When is appearance reality? A comment on why does the Indonesian throughflow appear to originate from the North Pacific. J. Phvs. Oceanogr. 25(6): 1560-1567.

Gordon, A.L. and R.A. Fine ( 1996). Pathways of water between the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the Indonesian seas. Nature. 379: 146-149.

Gordon, A.L., A.L. Ffield and A.G. Ilahude (1994). Thermocline of the Flores and Banda Seas. J. Geophvs. Res. 99(C9): 18235-18242.

Ilahude, A.G. and A.L. Gordon (1996). Thermocline stratification within the Indonesian seas. J. Geophvs. Res. 101(C5); 12401-12410.

Millard, R.C. (1991). CTD oxygen calibration procedure. WHP operations and methods, July 1991.

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Arlindo Mixing

1993

7 August - 12 September

° ~

03 (f)

ejnjBjediuai |B!tu0iod

5 48.02 S 115 56.90 E

PR	TE	PT	SA	OX
0	27.442	27 442	34 350	4 237
10	27.454	27.451	34 358	4 313
20	27.449	27 444	34 363	4 194
30	27.448	27.441	34 363	4.191
40	27.368	27.358	34.355	4 147
50	26.818	26.807	34 323	4 087
60	25.944	25 930	34,347	3.883
70	25.191	25.175	34.318	3.182
72	25.182	25.166	34.318	3.091
PR	TE	PT	SA	RN
8.9	27.438	27 436	34.363	11
37.9	27.390	27 382	34 360	6
49.7	26.810	26.799	34 320	3
70.3	25.193	25.178	34 318	1

93/08/08 11:11

Bottom Depth: 77m

SO	SI	S2	S3	HZ
22.088	26.262	30.344	34 339	0.000
22.092	26.265	30 347	34 342	0.057
22 098	26.271	30 353	34 348	0 115
22.099	26.272	30 355	34 349	0.172
22.120	26 294	30.377	34 373	0.229
22.271	26 4 53	30 543	34.545	0.286
22.565	26.757	30.858	34 870	0.340
22.774	26.976	31 087	35.108	0.392
22.777	26.979	31.090	35.111	0.402
RSA	ROX	F1 1	FI 2	N2

4 280 4 032 3 825 3.297

SI PO

I COOUI c

Potential Temperature

l-j »■. I ■ ■■■ 1 ■ ■■■ I .... I .... I .... I .

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

Oxygen

1

Potential Temperature

. . . i .... i .... i .... . . . . i .... .

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

Oxygen

Salinity

5 35.96 S 116 54.15 E

93/08/08 18:04

Bottom Depth: 457m

PR	TE	PT	SA	ox	SO	SI	S2	S3	HZ
0	27.420	27.419	34.403	4 261	22.136	26.309	30.392	34 386	0.000
10	27.428	27.426	34,403	4 264	22.133	26.307	30 389	34 383	0.057
20	27.425	27.420	34 403	4.267	22 135	26 309	30.391	34 386	0.1 14
30	27.412	27.405	34 403	4.270	22.141	26.314	30 397	34 391	0.171
40	27 200	27.191	34 404	4.255	22.210	26 386	30.471	34 468	C 227
50	26.113	26.102	34 4 1 0	4.120	22.559	26.748	X.847	34 8 57	0 282
60	25.504	25 491	34 437	4 053	22.768	26.965	31 071	35 088	0.334
70	25.273	25.258	34 446	4 014	22.846	27 046	31.155	35 '75	0.385
80	24.446	24.429	34 474	3.920	23.H8	27 329	31 448	35 4 78	0.434
90	22.900	22.881	34 538	3.760	23.619	27 851	31 990	36.040	0.4^9
100	21.999	21.979	34.539	3 661	23.875	28.120	32 272	36 3 34	0.521
110	19.845	19.825	34.553	3.44 7	24 468	28.745	32 929	37 021	0.559
120	18.652	'8 631	34.580	3 330	24.795	29 091	33 293	37 403	0.592
130	17.865	17,843	34.609	3 240	25.012	29 321	33 535	37 657	0.623
140	16.857	16.834	34.582	3.136	25 234	29.560	33.791	37 929	0.652
150	14.046	14.025	34.533	2.924	25.822	X 199	34 480	38 666	0.677
160	13.716	13.693	34.516	2.885	25.878	30.261	34.548	38.740	0.698
170	13.41 1	13.387	34.51 1	2,850	25.936	30 326	34.618	38.816	0.720
180	13.230	13.205	34.505	2.826	25.969	30.362	34 658	38.859	0.741
190	12.915	12.889	34.494	2.793	26.024	30.423	34.725	38.932	0.761
200	12.619	12.592	34.486	2.762	26.076	30.481	34,788	39.001	0.781
210	12.337	12.309	34.476	2.734	26.123	30.534	34 847	39.065	0.801
220	12.241	12.212	34 4 74	2.715	26.140	30.553	34,868	39.088	0.820
230	11.913	11.883	34.462	2.684	26.194	30.614	34.935	39 161	0.839
240	11.459	11.429	34.451	2 645	26.270	X 699	35 029	39 264	0.858
250	1 1 .289	11.258	34.446	2.624	26 298	30 730	35.064	39 302	0.875
260	10.970	10.938	34.444	2 596	26.354	30.793	35 134	39 378	0.893
270	10.742	10.710	34.438	2.572	26.390	30.834	35.179	39 428	0.910
280	10.292	10.259	34.443	2.536	26.4 73	30.927	35.281	39 539	0.927
290	9.495	9.462	34 435	2.483	26.601	31.072	35.443	39 717	0.942
300	9.443	9.409	34.435	2.471	26.610	31.081	35.454	39 729	0.957
325	9 366	9.330	34 432	2.370	26.621	31.094	35.468	39 745	0.994
350	9.345	9 306	34 433	2.331	26.625	31 100	35.474	39 751	1.031
375	8.989	8.948	34.440	2.294	26.688	31.170	35.552	39 836	1.067
400	8.947	8.904	34 446	2.277	26.700	31.183	35.566	39.851	1.102
424	8.872	8.826	34 449	2.239	26.714	31 199	35.584	39.871	1.136
PR	TE	PT	SA	RN	RSA	ROX	F1 1	FI 2	N2
0.5	27.373	27.373	34 403	12	34 404	4.256
23.4	27.385	27 379	34 402	1 1		4 248
43.9	26.891	26.881	34.412	10		3 939
100.0	20.429	20 411	34.553	9		3.261
155.0	14.413	14 390	34 542	8		2 343
172.1	13.448	13 424	34.516	~t	34.5^2	2 903
203 3	12.687	12.660	34 490	6	34 488
257.5	11 378	11 345	34.451	5		2 645
352.6	9 133	9.094	34 433	3	34 4 33	2 270
394.6	8.961	8 918	34.445	2	34 449	2 28’
416.7	8.901	8.855	34 446	1	34 435

Pressure

Potential Temperature

5 34.18 S 93/08/08 20:36

117 5.98 E Bottom Depth: 665m

PR	TE	PT	SA	OX	SO	SI	S2	S3	HZ
0	27.515	27.515	34.403		22.105	26.277	30 359	34 352	0.000
10	27.520	27 518	34.401		22.103	26.275	30.356	34 350	0.057
2D	27.526	27 521	34.402		22.102	26 274	30 356	34 349	0 114
30	27.524	27.517	34.400		22.102	26.274	30.356	34 349	0.172
40	27.528	27.519	34 401		22 102	26.275	30.356	34 349	0.229
50	27 516	27 504	34 401		22.107	26.279	30.361	34 354	0 286
60	27.254	27 240	34,410		22.199	26.374	30.459	34 455	0 343
70	26 326	26.310	34.445		22.520	26.707	30.802	34.809	0 398
80	25.427	25.409	34.476		22 822	27.020	31.127	35.145	0.450
90	24.801	24 782	34.489		23.023	27.229	31.344	35 369	0.500
100	24.359	24 338	34 503		23 167	27 379	31 499	35.530	0.548
110	21.904	21.882	34,567		23 923	28.169	32.323	36.386	0 592
120	20.655	20 632	34.574		24.270	28 535	32.706	36.787	0.630
130	19.665	19.641	34.590		24 544	28.824	33.010	37 105	0 666
140	18.648	18.623	34.610		24 819	29.116	33 317	37 427	0.699
150	18.150	18.124	34.628		24.958	29.262	33.471	37 589	0.730
160	17.587	17.560	34 633		25.099	29.413	33 631	37.758	0.760
170	17.190	17.162	34.635		25.197	29.517	33.742	37.875	0.788
180	15.990	15.962	34 609		25.456	29.798	34.043	38.196	0.815
190	14.902	14.873	34.567		25 667	30.028	34 292	38.464	0.840
200	13.478	13.450	34.521		25.931	30.320	34.611	38.807	0.862
210	12.710	12.682	34 498		26.068	30.471	34.777	38.987	0.883
220	12.405	12.376	34.4 8 7		26 1 19	30.528	34.840	39.057	0.903
230	12.233	12.203	34,4 79		26.146	30.559	34.874	39 094	0.922
240	11.739	11.708	34 468		26.231	30.655	34.979	39.208	0.941
250	11.441	11.409	34 454		26.276	X.705	35.036	39.271	0.959
260	1 1 .059	11.027	34 446		26.340	30.777	35.1 15	39.358	0.977
270	10.980	10.947	34.445		26.353	30.792	35.132	39 376	0.994
280	10.979	10.945	34 444		26 353	30.792	35.132	39 376	1.011
290	10.961	10.925	34.446		26.358	30.797	35.138	39 382	1.029
300	10.580	10.544	34.447		26.426	30.874	35.222	39 474	1.046
325	9.145	9.109	34 442		26.664	31.142	35 521	39 802	1.084
350	8.635	8 598	34 4 55		26.755	31 .245	35.634	39 926	1.119
375	8.141	8 103	34 476		26.847	31 348	35.748	40.051	1.152
400	7.971	7.930	34 486		26,881	31.385	35.790	40.095	1.183
425	7.864	7.821	34 493		26 902	31.410	35 816	40.124	1.214
450	7.807	7 762	34.494		26 912	31.420	35.828	40.138	1.244
475	7.647	7.600	34.504		26.943	31.456	35.867	40.180	1.274
500	7,598	7.548	34 505		26 952	31 465	35 877	40.192	1 304
550	7 338	7.284	34,511		26 994	31.514	35 932	40.252	1 362
600	7 317	7.258	34 513		26.999	31.519	35 938	40.259	1419
630	7.159	7 098	34 51 7		27 025	31 549	35 9 71	40 295	454
PR	TE	PT	SA	RN	RSA	ROX	F1 1	FI 2	N2
2.5	27.515	27.515	34 403	12		4 099	• 944	0.967
102.9	24.001	23 979	34,514	10		3 148
156 2	17.671	17 645	34 633	9			' 964	0 942
194 7	14.1 15	14 087	34 543	8	34 52'	2 828	1 293	0 689
251.3	11.347	11.316	34 4 51	7		2 636	• 298	C.639
299.8	10 569	10.534	34.44 8	6			0 904	0.949
400.9	7.951	7.91 1	34.487	5	34 4 72'	2.372	0 447	0 419
448 2	7.830	7.785	34 4 93	4			0.320	0.483
505.4	7 580	7.529	34 504	3		2.253	0 338	0.595
557.3	7.338	7.284	34 511	2	34.4 98	2.269	0.215	0.234
600.8	7.318	7.259	34.513	1	34.497		0.216	0.339

Pressure

Potential Temperature

L* ... I .... I .... I .... 1 .... I i ... I .... I .... I

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

Oxygen

3

Potential Temperature

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

Oxygen

Salinity

5 32.05 S 117 18.15 E

93/08/08 23:05

Bottom Depth: 188m

PR	TE	PT	SA	OX	SO	SI	S2	S3	HZ
0	27.401	27.401	34 399	4.258	22.139	26.313	30.395	34 390	0.000
10	27.412	27.410	34 398	4 262	22.135	26 309	30.391	34.386	0.057
20	27 417	27.412	34 399	4.271	22.136	26 309	30.392	34.386	0 1 14
30	27.419	27 412	34.400	4.277	22.136	26.310	30 392	34 387	0 171
40	27 358	27,348	34 393	4 275	22.151	26 325	30 409	34 404	0 228
50	27.210	27.199	34.393	4 251	22.200	26 376	30.461	34 4 58	0.284
60	26.858	26.844	34.391	4.212	22.311	26 491	30 580	34 582	0.340
70	25.951	25.935	34 454	4 105	22.644	26 835	30.935	34 947	0.394
80	25.285	25.267	34.4 77	4 027	22.866	27 066	31.175	35.194	0.445
90	23.765	23.746	34 524	3 882	23.357	27.577	31.705	35.744	0.493
100	22.777	22.757	34.510	3.744	23.633	27.867	32.008	36 060	0.537
110	20.720	20.699	34 569	3.544	24.248	28 512	32 682	36.762	0.577
120	18.854	18.832	34,612	3.384	24.768	29.061	33.260	37 366	0.612
130	17.223	17.201	34.611	3 239	25.169	29.489	33.713	37.845	0.642
140	16.489	16.466	34.589	3.176	25.325	29.657	33 894	38.038	0 670
150	15.824	15.800	34.581	3.111	25.472	29.816	34.064	38.220	0.696
160	15.575	15.551	34.579	2.984	25.526	29.875	34.128	38.287	0.721
163	15.484	15.459	34 566	2.959	25.537	29 887	34.142	38.303	0.729
PR	TE	PT	SA	RN	RSA	ROX	F1 1	FI 2	N2
2.8	27.397	27.396	34 397	12	34 397	4 379
2.8	27.397	27.396	34 397	10		4 303
2.8	27.397	27.396	34 397	9	34.398	4 276
26.7	27 398	27 392	34 398	8	34 399	4 247
26.7	27 398	27 392	34 398	7	34 398
41.9	27.358	27.349	34 397	6		4 230
50.2	27.105	27.093	34 396	5		4.027
76.5	25.339	25.322	34.4 7 5	4	34 483	3.650
101.6	23.065	23.044	34.510	3	34 504	3.515
128.0	17.832	17.810	34.632	2	34,614	3.116
157.4	15.730	15.705	34.578	1	34.578	3.114

Pressure

Potential Temperature

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

Oxygen

4

Potential Temperature

i 1 i 1 i 1 l l t 1 1 l i i 1 1 i 1 i 1 1 l i X 1 .1 1 A i 1 1 * .i-X ^ ,1 l l - 1 J

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

Oxygen

c.			5 24.55	s		93/08/09	05:03
5		118 11.18	E		Bottom Depth: 505m
PR	TE	PT	SA	ox	SO	si	S2	S3	HZ
0	27.586	27.586	34.437		22.108	26.279	X.359	34.351	0.000
10	27.595	27 593	34 438		22.106	26.277	X.357	34.350	0.057
20	27.591	27.587	34 436		22.107	26.278	X 359	34 351	0.114
30	27.470	27 463	34 439		22.149	26.322	X.403	34 397	0.171
40	27 449	27 440	34 441		22.158	26.331	X.413	34 407	0.228
50	27.431	27 419	34 440		22.164	26.337	X.420	34 4 14	C.285
60	27.378	27.364	34.440		22.182	26.356	X.438	34 4 33	0.342
70	26.555	26.539	34 447		22.450	26.633	X.726	34 731	0.397
80	22.973	22.957	34.594		23 639	27.870	32.008	X.057	0.445
90	21.678	21 661	34.622		24.027	28.276	32.432	X 498	0486
100	19.142	19.124	34 654		24 726	29.014	33.208	37.310	0.522
110	18.840	18.820	34.655		24.804	29.097	33.295	37 402	0.554
120	17.568	17.548	34.656		25.120	29.433	X.652	37.778	0.585
130	17.472	17.450	34 659		25.146	29 461	33.681	37 809	0.613
140	17.285	17.262	34 651		25.185	29.503	X.727	37,858	0 642
150	17.124	17.099	34 646		25.220	29 541	33.767	37,901	0.670
160	16.729	16.703	34 634		25 304	29.633	X.865	38.005	0.697
170	16.558	16.530	34.630		25.342	29 673	X 909	X.051	0.724
180	15.223	15.196	34.583		25 608	29 963	34.222	38.387	0.750
190	15.042	15.014	34 5 76		25 642	X.001	34.263	38 432	0.774
200	14.850	14.820	34 569		25.680	X.042	34 X8	X.480	0.798
210	14.680	14.649	34 563		25.712	X.077	34 346	X 521	0.821
220	14.034	14.003	34.537		25 830	X.207	34,466	X.674	0.844
230	13.623	13.590	34.521		25 903	X.288	34 5 76	38.770	0.866
240	13 353	13.319	34 513		25 952	X.343	34 636	X 835	0.887
250	12.995	12.961	34.500		26.014	X.412	34.712	X 918	0.908
260	12.083	12.049	34 468		26.167	X.583	34 902	X 124	0.928
270	11.857	11.822	34 466		26.208	X.629	34 952	X. 179	0 947
280	11.175	11.140	34.456		26.327	X.762	35.098	39.338	0.965
290	10.962	10.927	34.457		26.367	X.806	35.146	X 391	0.982
300	10.254	10.218	34 444		26.481	X.935	35.290	X 549	0.999
325	9.563	9.526	34 4 30		26 587	31.056	35 426	X.698	1.038
350	9.358	9.319	34 434		26.624	31.098	35.472	X.749	1.075
375	9.168	9.126	34 436		26.656	31 134	35.513	X 793	1.112
400	8.953	8.909	34 439		26.694	31.176	35.559	X.845	1.148
425	8.747	8.701	34.445		26 731	31.218	35.606	X.896	1.183
450	8.490	8.442	34 4 58		26.781	31 .274	35.667	X 962	1.217
475	7.922	7.874	34 484		26 888	31 394	35.799	40 106	1.249
491	7.734	7.685	34 492		26.922	31 432	35.842	40.153	1.269
PR	TE	PT	SA	RN	RSA	ROX	F1 1	FI 2	N2
2.1	27,620	27.619	34 4 39	12	34 4 36	4 308
11.8	27 605	27.602	34 4 39	1 1		4.193
51.3	27.472	27 460	34,442	10	34 437	4 054
97.4	20.167	20.149	34 646	9	34.607	3.292
151.6	17.050	17.025	34 641	8	34.592	3.109
202 9	14 870	14.840	34 565	7	34 544
303.2	10.052	10.016	34 4 56	5	34 441
404.3	8 887	8.843	34 443	3	34 443	2 426
454.3	8.291	8.244	34.468	2	34 4 71	2 323
490.5	7.735	7.686	34 4 93	1	34.487

Potential Temperature

6 PR	TE	5 13.46 S 118 31.54 E PT SA OX
0	27.549	27.549	34 446
10	27 547	27 545	34 446
20	27.504	27.500	34 444
30	27.372	27 365	34.448
40	27 159	27.150	34.466
50	27.070	27 059	34,4 7 5
60	26.751	26 738	34,501
70	24.258	24.243	34 488
80	22.795	22.779	34.596
90	22.350	22 332	34 589
100	20.823	20 804	34 636
110	19.815	19.795	34 643
120	18.860	18.838	34.656
130	18.653	18.631	34.673
140	18.211	18.187	34.680
150	17.811	17.785	34.661
160	17.472	17 445	34 651
170	16 944	16.916	34.632
180	16.185	16.156	34 616
190	15.588	15.559	34 596
200	15.267	15.237	34 582
210	14.467	14.437	34.550
220	14.080	14.048	34 545
230	13.760	13.728	34 536
240	13.311	13.277	34.517
250	12.642	12.609	34.505
260	1 1 .535	11.502	34 482
270	11.294	11.261	34.466
280	11.008	10.973	34.461
290	10.821	10.786	34 464
300	10.600	10.564	34 459
325	10.055	10.017	34.458
350	9.414	9.375	34.447
375	8.792	8.751	34 443
400	8.403	8.361	34.459
425	8.066	8.023	34.475
450	7.842	7.797	34.491
475	7.633	7.585	34.500
500	7.584	7 535	34.503
550	7.281	7,228	34.514
600	6.683	6.627	34.527
640	6.246	6.188	34.536
PR	TE	PT	SA RN
2.2	27.518	27,518	34 446 12
51.6	26.849	26.837	34 487 1 1
201.8	15.648	15.617	34.602 8
302.2	10.376	10.340	34.464 6
351.4	9.000	8.962	34 442 5
403.3	8.215	8.173	34.469 4
605.2	6.460	6.405	34.534 2
638.5	6.244	6.186	34 536 1

93/08/09 08:45

	Bottom Depth:	641m
SO	si	S2	S3	HZ
22.127	26 298	X 379	34 372	0.000
22.128	26 299	X.380	34 373	0.057
22.141	26 313	X.394	34 388	0.1 14
22.188	26.361	X.444	31 439	0.170
22.270	26 446	X.532	34 529	0 227
22 305	26.483	X.569	34 567	0.282
22.427	26 609	X 699	34 70C	0.337
23.184	27 397	31 519	35.551	0 388
23 692	27.925	32.065	X 1 16	0.432
23 814	28.053	32.200	X 257	0.474
24.271	28 533	32.701	X.779	0.513
24 545	28 822	X.OOS	37.098	0.549
24,801	29 093	X.291	37 397	0.582
24 866	29.162	X.363	37,472	0.613
24.982	29 285	X.493	37 609	0.644
25 066	29.376	X.591	37.713	0.674
25.141	M.457	X.677	37.805	0.703
25.253	29.577	X 806	37.943	0.731
25.417	29.755	X.997	38.146	0.758
25.537	29.886	34.138	38.298	0.783
25.598	29.953	34.211	38.376	0.808
25.748	30.117	34 390	X.569	0.832
25 826	30.203	34 482	X.668	0 854
25 886	30 268	34 554	38.746	0.876
25.963	30.355	34.649	X.849	0.898
26.087	30.492	34 799	X.011	0.918
26.281	30.708	35.037	X.270	0.937
26 313	30.745	35.079	39.317	0.955
26.361	30.799	35.139	39.382	0.972
26.397	30.839	35.182	39.429	0.989
26.432	30.879	35.227	39.478	1.006
26.526	30.985	35.344	X.606	1.046
26.625	31.097	35.470	39,746	1.085
26.721	31.208	35.594	39.883	1.120
26.795	31 290	35.685	39.981	1.154
26.859	31.361	35.763	40.067	1.187
26.904	31.412	35.819	40.128	1.218
26 943	31.455	35.867	40,180	1.248
26 952	31 .466	35 879	40.193	1.277
27.004	31.525	35.945	40.266	1.335
27 097	3’ 632	X 066	40.400	1.390
27.162	31 708	X 151	40.496	1 431
RSA	ROX	F1 1	FI 2	N2
34 445	3 962	1.318	1 322
34.549	3.4' •	1 353	C.844
34 5 51	2.99/	' 368	0.662
		0.800	0.692
34.462	2.249	0.290	0.540
34.533	2 238	0.1 13	0.310
34 529		0.124	0.395

Pressure

Potential Temperature

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

Oxygen

6

Potential Temperature

lllliiiiiAllilil .■L.l.l-JL 1 J-l 1 . i i 1 L.l .1, 1. I J...X -L..1 1 . 1 * J i

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

Oxygen

7

5 0.05 S 118 55.13 E

93/08/09 12:07

Bottom Depth: 648m

PR	TE	PT	SA	OX	SO	SI	S2	S3	HZ
0	27.238	27.238	34 467		22.243	26.418	30.502	34 498	0 000
to	27.178	27.176	34 471		22.265	26.441	30.526	34 523	0.056
20	27 036	27.031	34 4 85		22.322	26 500	30.587	34 585	0.111
30	26.744	26.738	34 4 98		22.425	26 606	30 696	34 698	0.166
40	25.157	25 149	34.564		22.969	27. 1 70	31 279	35 300	0217
50	25.035	25 024	34 559		23 003	27.205	31.316	35 338	0266
60	23.891	23.878	34,5 75		23.357	27 575	31.701	35 7 37	0.313
70	22.767	22.753	34.596		23.700	27 933	32.074	36 ’25	0.357
80	22.691	22.675	34.615		23 736	27 970	32.1 12	36.164	3 399
90	22.555	22.537	34 626		23.784	28.020	32.164	36.218	0 441
100	21 893	21.874	34.615		23 962	28 208	32.361	36.424	0 481
110	21.556	21.535	34.618		24 058	28 309	32 467	36.534	0.521
120	20.964	20.941	34.617		24.220	28 480	32.646	36 722	0.559
130	20.761	20.736	34 622		24.279	28 542	32.711	36.790	0.596
140	20.146	20.120	34.668		24 478	28 751	32.929	37.016	0.632
150	20.027	20.000	34.673		24 513	28 787	32.967	37.056	0.667
160	19.806	19.777	34.667		24 567	28 845	33.028	37.121	0.701
170	19.161	19.131	34.659		24.729	29.016	33.210	37.312	0.735
180	18408	18.377	34 643		24 906	29 206	33.412	37.525	0.767
190	18.227	18.194	34 642		24.951	29.254	33.462	37.578	0.797
200	17.268	17.235	34.610		25.160	29 479	33.703	37 835	0.827
210	16.810	16.776	34 597		25.259	29.586	33.818	37 957	0.855
220	16.044	16.009	34 584		25.427	29.767	34.012	38.164	0 882
230	15.787	15.751	34 586		25.486	29 832	34.081	38.237	0,908
240	15.262	15.226	34.578		25 598	29 953	34.211	38.376	0.933
250	14.556	14.519	34 546		25.727	30.095	34 366	38 543	0.957
260	14.378	14.340	34 543		25.763	30.134	34,409	38 589	0.980
270	13.550	13.512	34.520		25.918	30 305	34.595	38.790	1.002
280	11.634	11.598	34.476		26.258	30.683	35 010	39 242	1 022
290	11.086	11.050	34 464		26.349	30.786	35 124	39 366	1.040
300	9.954	9.919	34 448		26.535	30.995	35.357	39 621	1.057
325	8.809	8.774	34 448		26.722	31.208	35.594	39 882	1.093
350	8.487	8.450	34 454		26.777	31 .270	35.663	39 958	1.127
375	8 243	8 204	34.467		26.825	31.324	35 722	40.022	1.160
400	8.161	8.120	34.472		26.842	31.342	35.742	40 044	1.192
425	8.040	7.997	34 4 79		26 865	31 368	35 771	40.076	1 223
450	7.944	7 899	34 483		26.883	31.388	35.793	40 100	1.255
475	7.871	7 822	34 488		26 898	31.405	35 812	40.120	1.286
500	7.728	7 678	34 496		26.925	31 436	35.846	40.157	1.316
550	7.556	7.501	34 504		26.957	31 472	35 885	40.201	1.376
600	7.209	7.151	34 514		27.015	31 538	35 959	40.282	’ .434
632	6.843	6.783	34 523		27 073	31 604	36 034	40.365	1 469
PR	TE	PT	SA	RN	RSA	ROX	F1 1	FI 2	N2
1.7	27.199	27.198	34 467	12	34.467	4 531
50.7	25.106	25.095	34 564	1 1	34.562	4.009
101.1	22 397	22.377	34 635	10	34.629	3.607